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The Republic of Kirjasalo (), commonly known as the Republic of North Ingria () was a short-lived unrecognized state from 9 July 1919 to 5/6 December 1920.Most sources state 5 December 1920 as the date when the republic was dissolved, however sources state 6 December 1920 as the date when the republic was dissolved. Kirjasalo was located in the southern part of the , specifically in in .


Government and the Republic
Kirjasalo was in control of , controlling five ,
(2025). 9789522228468, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. .
having around 400 total population.Includes Military volunteers, Civil Guardsmen, and Finns and Ingrian Finns that moved to the controlled villages temporarily. Kirjasalo had its own local Protection Corps and local newspaper . Kirjasalo had its own military regiment, the , which was composed of 580–1,700 military volunteers, and led by , prior to being sacked and being replaced by . The official flag and coat of arms of the Republic of Kirjasalo were designed by and were inaugurated on 8 September 1919. Kirjasalo had its own badge of honor, the Cross of the Ingrian White Wall.


Government
Kirjasalo had two types of government in charge of the republic, the ('North Ingrian Caretaker Committee'), which was the executive refugee government established in July 1919 by Ingrian from . The Caretaker Committee was incharge of boosting morale, publishing stamps to raise money, and organizing volunteer regiments, such as the . Kirjasalo also had a local council located in Kirjasalo, Lempaala, however it was only ever operational for a couple of months.
Santeri Termonen
Juho Pekka Kokko
Jukka Tirranen


History
Following the October Revolution, and expulsions and mass-mobilizations of in Kirjasalo and other locations, and with the (), tensions were high in Northern Ingria. On 9 July 1919, the ('North Ingrian Caretaker Committee') was elected as the executive government with Santeri Termonen at its head, and the independence of Kirjasalo was declared in a meeting attended by around four-hundred people in .
(2025). 9785981870316, Izdat. Nestor-Istorija.
began to supply Kirjasalo with military equipment, and volunteer activists began to train the Ingrian military volunteers. became the leader of the newly organized , leading around 580 men. On 26 July 1919, Elfvengren launched military offensives towards Ylä-Miikkulainen and from the Finnish border, capturing multiple villages and locations, eventually reaching Perämäki and Putkelovo on 30 July, killing twenty-five Bolshevik troops in the process. Independent separate forces loyal to Kirjasalo occupied Miikkulainen, a settlement in the far north-east of Ingria, however were later defeated by the Bolsheviks.
(2025). 9785860072695, Bulanin.
Due to Bolshevik replenishments, Elfvengren's were forced into retreat, retreating until the village of Kirjasalo.

Elfvengren's hopes of causing a diplomatic incident and causing a wider rebellion amongst Finns and Ingrian Finns in the area had failed terribly. Having performed an attack without the prior approval of the Finnish Government, Elfvengren was sacked and replaced by . Elja Rihtniemi began to construct fortifications in Lempaala and requested weapons from Finland, Rihtniemi would resign two months later, and Elfvengren would be re-hired. Elfvengren began to get back on the offensive in accordance with of the , this deal with the White Movement helped Kirjasalo receive four observing officers from the Northwestern Army, and receive much-needed financial assistance leading to the building of a and other key infrastructure. Yudenich had signed a deal with Elfvengren for the purpose of getting him to join a planned attack on St. Petersburg.

A new offensive in accordance with Yudenich was started on 21/22 October, with the goal of capturing the village of , which was the most populous and important centre of North Ingria. The first battle was with Red Finns at the Gruzino railway station which was used to transport Bolshevik forces. However an and workers from the Shlisselburg powder factory, led by I.P. Zhuk arrived to the battle. The Ingrian forces were victorious however were unable to continue their advancements.

Ingrian forces were unable to continue fighting the , as they were equipped with artillery and armored trains, which the Ingrians did not have, as the Finns once again refused to supply the Ingrian forces except for the donation of topographic maps of the region. The Ingrians lost control over the Gruzino railway station, and were forced to retreat back to Kirjasalo. After the Treaty of Tartu, the entirety of was affirmed to be in the control of Bolshevik Russia, a mourning party was hosted on 5 December 1920, during the farewell party held a speech, after which , the anthem of Kirjasalo, and Porilaisten Marssi were sung. The State Flag was saluted and lowered on 6 December 1920, and on the same day the village of Kirjasalo left for .


See also
  • Postage stamps and postal history of North Ingria


Notes


External links

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